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(a) Kings employing women bodyguards

(b) Learned persons assembling in royal courts to discuss religious and philosophical matters

(c) Young girls keeping watch over agricultural fields and driving away birds and animals

(d) A king defeated in a battle committing ritual suicide by starving himself to death

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(b) learned persons assembling in royal courts to discuss religious and philosophical matters.

The practice of 'Vattakirutal' as mentioned in Sangam poems refers to (b) learned persons assembling in royal courts to discuss religious and philosophical matters.

The Sangam literature, dating back to ancient Tamil Nadu, provides insights into the social, cultural, and political aspects of the time. The practice of 'Vattakirutal' is mentioned in these literary works, particularly in the context of the assemblies held in royal courts. These gatherings brought together scholars, poets, and learned individuals to engage in discussions on various topics, including religious and philosophical matters.

One of the primary sources that shed light on the Sangam period and its practices is the Sangam literature itself. The poems composed during this period offer valuable insights into the customs, traditions, and activities of that era. These poems have been extensively studied and analyzed by scholars and researchers specializing in Tamil literature and history.

While I do not have direct access to specific verses from Sangam poems, you can refer to academic works and translations of Sangam literature by renowned scholars like Dr. Kamil Zvelebil, Dr. T.P. Meenakshi Sundaram, and Dr. A. Chidambaranathan to explore the topic further. These scholarly works provide interpretations and explanations of various aspects of Sangam literature, including the practice of 'Vattakirutal.'

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